https://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&feed=atom&action=historyBLACKS AND LABOR - Revision history2024-03-29T08:29:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.1https://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=19178&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 18:19, 24 August 20122012-08-24T18:19:02Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:19, 24 August 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<font face = arial light> <font color = maroon> <font size = 3>Unfinished History</font></font> </font>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<font face = arial light> <font color = maroon> <font size = 3>Unfinished History</font></font> </font>'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''by Chris Carlsson, 1994''</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Palace-Hotel-black-workers-1882-from-Bonanza-Inn.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Palace-Hotel-black-workers-1882-from-Bonanza-Inn.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Black workers </del>at the Palace Hotel, c. 1880s. All blacks were fired in 1888 due to racist pressure on the Hotel.''' </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">African American chambermaids and porters on the upper balcony of the Grand Court </ins>at the Palace Hotel, c. 1880s. All blacks were fired in 1888 due to racist pressure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from white unions </ins>on the Hotel.''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: Bonanza Inn, 1939''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: Bonanza Inn, 1939''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del>Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. [[Mary Ellen Pleasant|Mammy Pleasant]] owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. [[Mary Ellen Pleasant|Mammy Pleasant]] owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A success story was that of George Washington Dennis. Since he arrived in San Francisco before 1856, he was the property of his owner, who also happened to be his father. He made a deal: when he had earned $1,000 as a porter at the El Dorado (owned by his father) he could purchase his freedom. Within three months he had done so, and though as a black he couldn't testify in court or vote, he spoon purchased his mother's freedom as well. He unsuccessfully speculated in mining stocks, but he managed to open the Custom House Livery Stable at Sansome and Washington, and by 1867 he started the Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard at 340 Broadway. By 1889 he had a fortune of $50,000.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A success story was that of George Washington Dennis. Since he arrived in San Francisco before 1856, he was the property of his owner, who also happened to be his father. He made a deal: when he had earned $1,000 as a porter at the El Dorado (owned by his father) he could purchase his freedom. Within three months he had done so, and though as a black he couldn't testify in court or vote, he spoon purchased his mother's freedom as well. He unsuccessfully speculated in mining stocks, but he managed to open the Custom House Livery Stable at Sansome and Washington, and by 1867 he started the Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard at 340 Broadway. By 1889 he had a fortune of $50,000.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the Chamber of Commerce finally broke the longshoremen's strike in 1919, a more (racially) fluid waterfront labor market led to an influx of black workers, although they were required to work in segregated work gangs and weren't allowed to join the union. By the 1930s it was apparent that a rejuvenated workers movement depended on an alliance across the boundaries of decades-long racial enmity. The ILWU from its inception pursued a color-blind policy, although racial discrimination continued in other west coast ports long after the official integration of the ILWU. (The [[B Men and Automation|ILWU]] itself was rocked by charges of racism following the termination of 80-odd black “B-list” workers in 1963.)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the Chamber of Commerce finally broke the longshoremen's strike in 1919, a more (racially) fluid waterfront labor market led to an influx of black workers, although they were required to work in segregated work gangs and weren't allowed to join the union. By the 1930s it was apparent that a rejuvenated workers movement depended on an alliance across the boundaries of decades-long racial enmity. The ILWU from its inception pursued a color-blind policy, although racial discrimination continued in other west coast ports long after the official integration of the ILWU. (The [[B Men and Automation|ILWU]] itself was rocked by charges of racism following the termination of 80-odd black “B-list” workers in 1963.)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''--Chris Carlsson, 1994''</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Aframer1%24honeybee.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Aframer1%24honeybee.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=19177&oldid=prevCcarlsson: fixed credit and updated photo2012-08-24T18:16:45Z<p>fixed credit and updated photo</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:16, 24 August 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<font face = arial light> <font color = maroon> <font size = 3>Unfinished History</font></font> </font>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<font face = arial light> <font color = maroon> <font size = 3>Unfinished History</font></font> </font>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Aframer1%24palace</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">staff</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">circa</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1878</del>.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Palace</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hotel</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">black</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">workers-1882-from-Bonanza-Inn</ins>.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Black workers at the Palace Hotel, c. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1878</del>. All blacks were fired in 1888 due to racist pressure on the Hotel.''' </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Black workers at the Palace Hotel, c. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1880s</ins>. All blacks were fired in 1888 due to racist pressure on the Hotel.''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bancroft Library</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Berkeley, CA</del>''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bonanza Inn</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1939</ins>''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African-Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. [[Mary Ellen Pleasant|Mammy Pleasant]] owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African-Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. [[Mary Ellen Pleasant|Mammy Pleasant]] owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=10375&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 06:39, 29 December 20082008-12-29T06:39:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The number of blacks in San Francisco never surpassed about 1,500 until after World War I (it was only about 4,000 by the onset of World War II at the end of 1941). Douglas Henry Daniels argues in his important work [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/2633.php ''Pioneer Urbanites]'' that there were such strong racial exclusions by the white unions and the practice of white businessmen, that there simply were few reliable jobs available to blacks, and virtually none outside of the preponderance of domestic help. The black newspaper ''The Elevator'' (1865-1898) railed vituperatively against the competition, Chinese and European immigrants, in 1865:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The number of blacks in San Francisco never surpassed about 1,500 until after World War I (it was only about 4,000 by the onset of World War II at the end of 1941). Douglas Henry Daniels argues in his important work [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/2633.php ''Pioneer Urbanites]'' that there were such strong racial exclusions by the white unions and the practice of white businessmen, that there simply were few reliable jobs available to blacks, and virtually none outside of the preponderance of domestic help. The black newspaper ''The Elevator'' (1865-1898) railed vituperatively against the competition, Chinese and European immigrants, in 1865:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''“We have enough, and more, of them here now, eating our substance, polluting the atmosphere with their filth, and the mind with their licentiousness.” The Elevator also advised avoiding the mistakes of the eastern states which erred by inviting “the discontented and vicious of all Europe to their shores.”''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''“We have enough, and more, of them here now, eating our substance, polluting the atmosphere with their filth, and the mind with their licentiousness.” <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>The Elevator also advised avoiding the mistakes of the eastern states which erred by inviting “the discontented and vicious of all Europe to their shores.”''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But ''The Elevator'' itself was forced to rely on white printers because the powerful Typographical Union forbade hiring experienced negroes or training colored apprentices. At least half a dozen colored printers were forced to work in other trades because of racist exclusion by the union. By 1913, W.E.B. Du Bois' [[NAACP San Francisco Branch|NAACP]] publication, ''Crisis,'' reported that “white trade unions have held the negro down and out in San Francisco.”</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But ''The Elevator'' itself was forced to rely on white printers because the powerful Typographical Union forbade hiring experienced negroes or training colored apprentices. At least half a dozen colored printers were forced to work in other trades because of racist exclusion by the union. By 1913, W.E.B. Du Bois' [[NAACP San Francisco Branch|NAACP]] publication, ''Crisis,'' reported that “white trade unions have held the negro down and out in San Francisco.”</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=10374&oldid=prevCcarlsson: PC2008-12-29T06:38:25Z<p>PC</p>
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</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=9281&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 04:56, 15 October 20082008-10-15T04:56:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZING|Prev. Document]] [[NAACP San Francisco Branch|Next Document]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZING|Prev. Document]] [[NAACP San Francisco Branch|Next Document]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:African-American]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]] [[category:racism]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:African-American]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]] [[category:racism]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=8766&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 21:06, 5 October 20082008-10-05T21:06:52Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Af</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Am</del>]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">African</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">American</ins>]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [[category:racism</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=6432&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 03:29, 1 August 20082008-08-01T03:29:42Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African-Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. Mammy Pleasant owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>African-Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mary Ellen Pleasant|</ins>Mammy Pleasant<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A success story was that of George Washington Dennis. Since he arrived in San Francisco before 1856, he was the property of his owner, who also happened to be his father. He made a deal: when he had earned $1,000 as a porter at the El Dorado (owned by his father) he could purchase his freedom. Within three months he had done so, and though as a black he couldn't testify in court or vote, he spoon purchased his mother's freedom as well. He unsuccessfully speculated in mining stocks, but he managed to open the Custom House Livery Stable at Sansome and Washington, and by 1867 he started the Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard at 340 Broadway. By 1889 he had a fortune of $50,000.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A success story was that of George Washington Dennis. Since he arrived in San Francisco before 1856, he was the property of his owner, who also happened to be his father. He made a deal: when he had earned $1,000 as a porter at the El Dorado (owned by his father) he could purchase his freedom. Within three months he had done so, and though as a black he couldn't testify in court or vote, he spoon purchased his mother's freedom as well. He unsuccessfully speculated in mining stocks, but he managed to open the Custom House Livery Stable at Sansome and Washington, and by 1867 he started the Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard at 340 Broadway. By 1889 he had a fortune of $50,000.</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=6401&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 23:01, 31 July 20082008-07-31T23:01:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZING|Prev. Document]] [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Blacks in Baseball</del>|Next Document]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZING|Prev. Document]] [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NAACP San Francisco Branch</ins>|Next Document]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Af-Am]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Af-Am]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=6398&oldid=prevCcarlsson at 22:54, 31 July 20082008-07-31T22:54:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''This "Honey Bee" worked at the Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard in 1944. ''' </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''This "<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Blacks in Baseball|</ins>Honey Bee<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>" worked at the Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard in 1944. ''' </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: African American Historical and Cultural Society, San Francisco, CA''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Photo: African American Historical and Cultural Society, San Francisco, CA''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Early Political Organizing</del>|Prev. Document]] [[Next Document]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZING</ins>|Prev. Document]] [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Blacks in Baseball|</ins>Next Document]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Af-Am]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[category:Af-Am]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Ccarlssonhttps://foundsf.org/index.php?title=BLACKS_AND_LABOR&diff=6396&oldid=prevCcarlsson: new page that was missing2008-07-31T22:45:55Z<p>new page that was missing</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[Image:Aframer1%24palace-staff-circa-1878.jpg]]<br />
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'''Black workers at the Palace Hotel, c. 1878. All blacks were fired in 1888 due to racist pressure on the Hotel.''' <br />
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''Photo: Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA''<br />
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African-Americans began arriving in San Francisco with the first waves of prospectors heading to the gold fields. California became a no-slave territory by 1856, but blacks rarely achieved anything approaching social or political equality. The primary limitation to black achievement in San Francisco was the narrow range of jobs available, a reality which grew worse as white workers got organized in their own defense by the 1870s. A high percentage of Afro-San Franciscans were employed in the service economy as waiters, draymen, porters, maids, ship cooks, stewards, etc. (60% of the working males and 97% of the females). A number of early black settlers did quite well in easy money, boom-and-bust, open gambling and real estate markets of the city. In 1862, while the Civil War raged back east, blacks in San Francisco owned $300,000 in assets, much of it in real estate. Mammy Pleasant owned $30,000 in real estate in 1870, while a partner, Richard Barber reported $70,000 in holdings.<br />
<br />
A success story was that of George Washington Dennis. Since he arrived in San Francisco before 1856, he was the property of his owner, who also happened to be his father. He made a deal: when he had earned $1,000 as a porter at the El Dorado (owned by his father) he could purchase his freedom. Within three months he had done so, and though as a black he couldn't testify in court or vote, he spoon purchased his mother's freedom as well. He unsuccessfully speculated in mining stocks, but he managed to open the Custom House Livery Stable at Sansome and Washington, and by 1867 he started the Cosmopolitan Coal and Wood Yard at 340 Broadway. By 1889 he had a fortune of $50,000.<br />
<br />
The number of blacks in San Francisco never surpassed about 1,500 until after World War I (it was only about 4,000 by the onset of World War II at the end of 1941). Douglas Henry Daniels argues in his important work [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/2633.php ''Pioneer Urbanites]'' that there were such strong racial exclusions by the white unions and the practice of white businessmen, that there simply were few reliable jobs available to blacks, and virtually none outside of the preponderance of domestic help. The black newspaper ''The Elevator'' (1865-1898) railed vituperatively against the competition, Chinese and European immigrants, in 1865:<br />
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''“We have enough, and more, of them here now, eating our substance, polluting the atmosphere with their filth, and the mind with their licentiousness.” The Elevator also advised avoiding the mistakes of the eastern states which erred by inviting “the discontented and vicious of all Europe to their shores.”''<br />
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But ''The Elevator'' itself was forced to rely on white printers because the powerful Typographical Union forbade hiring experienced negroes or training colored apprentices. At least half a dozen colored printers were forced to work in other trades because of racist exclusion by the union. By 1913, W.E.B. Du Bois' [[NAACP San Francisco Branch|NAACP]] publication, ''Crisis,'' reported that “white trade unions have held the negro down and out in San Francisco.”<br />
<br />
The long and sordid history of white working-class racism helps contextualize the frequent use of blacks as strikebreakers in San Francisco. For example, in the hot summer of 1916, restaurant and kitchen workers were locked out by employers as part of the general campaign to break union power being pushed by the Chamber of Commerce (see [[Law and Order Committee|Law & Order Committee]]). Restaurant and cafe managers declared an open shop policy and began hiring scabs, many black. In mid-July two black scab longshoremen were killed along the strike-bound waterfront. By the winter, most of the strikes had ended in victory for the unions, and black workers were again pounding the pavement in search of work.<br />
<br />
When the Chamber of Commerce finally broke the longshoremen's strike in 1919, a more (racially) fluid waterfront labor market led to an influx of black workers, although they were required to work in segregated work gangs and weren't allowed to join the union. By the 1930s it was apparent that a rejuvenated workers movement depended on an alliance across the boundaries of decades-long racial enmity. The ILWU from its inception pursued a color-blind policy, although racial discrimination continued in other west coast ports long after the official integration of the ILWU. (The [[B Men and Automation|ILWU]] itself was rocked by charges of racism following the termination of 80-odd black “B-list” workers in 1963.)<br />
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''--Chris Carlsson, 1994''<br />
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[[Image:Aframer1%24honeybee.jpg]]<br />
<br />
'''This "Honey Bee" worked at the Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard in 1944. ''' <br />
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''Photo: African American Historical and Cultural Society, San Francisco, CA''<br />
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[[Early Political Organizing|Prev. Document]] [[Next Document]]<br />
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[[category:Af-Am]] [[category:Labor]] [[category:1850s]] [[category:1860s]] [[category:1870s]] [[category:1880s]]</div>Ccarlsson