Ed Roberts: The Father of Independent Living - Revision history

Lisaruth at 21:05, 31 March 2022

2022-03-31T21:05:25Z

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	'''Young Ed Roberts in bed at home.'''		'''Young Ed Roberts in bed at home.'''

			''Photo: Courtesy of Zona Roberts''

	A local women’s club, the Soroptomists (O’Hara), provided a telephone with a microphone and speakers for Ed to continue his schooling. Later Zona recognized in Ed the potential to attend school part-time. Despite Ed’s fear of people staring at him, Zona would not be swayed. Upon experiencing the staring while being lifted out of the car at school, Ed realized staring didn’t hurt, and instead decided to think of himself as a star (Palames).		A local women’s club, the Soroptomists (O’Hara), provided a telephone with a microphone and speakers for Ed to continue his schooling. Later Zona recognized in Ed the potential to attend school part-time. Despite Ed’s fear of people staring at him, Zona would not be swayed. Upon experiencing the staring while being lifted out of the car at school, Ed realized staring didn’t hurt, and instead decided to think of himself as a star (Palames).

Lisaruth: added date to byline

2022-03-22T07:02:29Z

added date to byline

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	'''<font face = Papyrus> <font color = maroon> <font size = 4>Historical Essay</font></font> </font>'''		'''<font face = Papyrus> <font color = maroon> <font size = 4>Historical Essay</font></font> </font>'''

	''by Angela Anderson''		''by Angela Anderson, 2013''

	[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]		[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]

Ccarlsson: added category

2019-03-27T22:24:44Z

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	[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]] [[category:Bay Area Social Movements]]		[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]] [[category:Bay Area Social Movements]] [[category:Public Health]]

Ccarlsson at 21:30, 19 April 2018

2018-04-19T21:30:49Z

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	''by Angela Anderson''		''by Angela Anderson''

	~~[[Image:Stacks image 5.png]] <br>~~

	[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]		[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]
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	\| colspan="2" \| '''From his days studying political science at UC Berkeley to his time as director of the California Department of Rehabilitation, Ed Roberts was an unrelenting advocate for disability rights. Roberts, who suffered from polio and had to use an iron lung, is known as the “Father of Independent Living” for his accomplishments fighting for accessibility in Berkeley, across California, and throughout the country via passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and later the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. Throughout, his sense of humor and adventurousness proved essential to his struggle for accessibility.'''		\| colspan="2" \| '''From his days studying political science at UC Berkeley to his time as director of the California Department of Rehabilitation, Ed Roberts was an unrelenting advocate for disability rights. Roberts, who suffered from polio and had to use an iron lung, is known as the “Father of Independent Living” for his accomplishments fighting for accessibility in Berkeley, across California, and throughout the country via passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and later the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. Throughout, his sense of humor and adventurousness proved essential to his struggle for accessibility.'''
	\|}		\|}

			[[Image:Stacks image 5.png\|left]]

	Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 — two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.		Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 — two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.

Ccarlsson: fixed some formatting and added link

2018-04-19T21:28:30Z

fixed some formatting and added link

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	[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]		[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]


	{\| style="color: black; background-color: #F5DA81;"		{\| style="color: black; background-color: #F5DA81;"
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	\|}		\|}

			Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 — two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.

	Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 - two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.

	Living in an iron lung, Ed stayed in the hospital for nine months and spent another nine in a polio center. Surrounded by nurses, Ed became depressed, at one point trying to refuse to eat. Zona sent the nurses away; with his decision-making returned to him, Ed’s depression eased. At 16, Ed returned home with an iron lung, which he referred to as his “tank.” The Easter Seals funded his home care (Palames).		Living in an iron lung, Ed stayed in the hospital for nine months and spent another nine in a polio center. Surrounded by nurses, Ed became depressed, at one point trying to refuse to eat. Zona sent the nurses away; with his decision-making returned to him, Ed’s depression eased. At 16, Ed returned home with an iron lung, which he referred to as his “tank.” The Easter Seals funded his home care (Palames).
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	Early in his schooling, Ed contracted severe pneumonia. He moved back in with his parents, but his condition worsened and it was decided to return him to the hospital. The illness seriously disturbed Ed, who was too afraid that he was going to die to be able to go to sleep. However, he realized he had to relax to allow himself to get better; calling it the most important lesson he learned at Cal, Ed observed, “...the more uptight you are about your own sickness, you create more tension in your body…you can actually kill yourself and your zest for life…” (O’Hara 14).		Early in his schooling, Ed contracted severe pneumonia. He moved back in with his parents, but his condition worsened and it was decided to return him to the hospital. The illness seriously disturbed Ed, who was too afraid that he was going to die to be able to go to sleep. However, he realized he had to relax to allow himself to get better; calling it the most important lesson he learned at Cal, Ed observed, “...the more uptight you are about your own sickness, you create more tension in your body…you can actually kill yourself and your zest for life…” (O’Hara 14).

	Upon recovering, Ed was active in campus life. He went to football games, and attended classes in even the most inaccessible buildings. Routinely pulled up stairs in his push chair to classes, Ed had a scare when his chair once failed and he almost tumbled down the stairs. From then on Ed chose classes based on accessibility, and if he needed to traverse stairs he made sure that four people carried him. Ed would engage pretty women to write notes on carbon paper for him, and read for classes using a mirror and a mouthstick. Exams were administered however was settled with the professors. Ed garnered much local media attention, and was featured in Parade magazine.		Upon recovering, Ed was active in campus life. He went to football games, and attended classes in even the most inaccessible buildings. Routinely pulled up stairs in his push chair to classes, Ed had a scare when his chair once failed and he almost tumbled down the stairs. From then on Ed chose classes based on accessibility, and if he needed to traverse stairs he made sure that four people carried him. Ed would engage pretty women to write notes on carbon paper for him, and read for classes using a mirror and a mouthstick. Exams were administered however was settled with the professors. Ed garnered much local media attention, and was featured in ''Parade'' magazine.

	Over the next few years, several more students with disabilities moved into Cowell, and they all received the maximum support from Rehab. However, several students were rejected, including a man with communication difficulties from cerebral palsy. The services provided to the students admitted to Berkeley served as a standard for students with severe disabilities across the country. Despite Rehab receiving federal grants to fund services, the Cowell students were sent a dictatorial counselor with the intention to micromanage the students’ grades and behavior, looking for any reason to cut their funding. After she wrongly ejected two students from the program, the Cowell students banded together, again approaching the media. They demanded Rehab fire the counselor, who instead was transferred and shortly retired. Ed observed of Rehab, “I think they still are awful in many ways, thinking they know more about what you want and need than you do, which I think is dumb. Nobody knows more” (O’Hara 27).		Over the next few years, several more students with disabilities moved into Cowell, and they all received the maximum support from Rehab. However, several students were rejected, including a man with communication difficulties from cerebral palsy. The services provided to the students admitted to Berkeley served as a standard for students with severe disabilities across the country. Despite Rehab receiving federal grants to fund services, the Cowell students were sent a dictatorial counselor with the intention to micromanage the students’ grades and behavior, looking for any reason to cut their funding. After she wrongly ejected two students from the program, the Cowell students banded together, again approaching the media. They demanded Rehab fire the counselor, who instead was transferred and shortly retired. Ed observed of Rehab, “I think they still are awful in many ways, thinking they know more about what you want and need than you do, which I think is dumb. Nobody knows more” (O’Hara 27).

	[[Image:Roberts Berk-stadium.jpg\|400px\|left~~\|thumb\|~~Ed and friend at UC Berkeley football game]] Later in his academic career, Ed’s stories display greater freedom in Berkeley of the sixties. He tells of experimenting with drugs, such as experiencing Telegraph Avenue while on acid with passersby wishing him a good trip. Cowell students drank, smoked pot and had intimate encounters in their hospital-dorm. Ed tells a story of a night drinking at a bar past Ashby. As the bar restroom wasn’t accessible, Ed went outside to relieve himself and a cop nearby told him he was under arrest. Ed responded, “You get me, I’ve got to have an iron lung. I’ll die in jail. You’ve got to have an iron lung. You’ve arrested me; now what are you going to do with me?” (O’Hara). The embarrassed cop called his sergeant, who chastised the officer as their jail wasn’t accessible and wouldn’t take anyone in a wheelchair, iron lung or not. The officers merely informed the university, and told Ed not to do it again.		[[Image:Roberts Berk-stadium.jpg\|400px\|left]]

			'''Ed and friend at UC Berkeley football game'''

			Later in his academic career, Ed’s stories display greater freedom in Berkeley of the sixties. He tells of experimenting with drugs, such as experiencing Telegraph Avenue while on acid with passersby wishing him a good trip. Cowell students drank, smoked pot and had intimate encounters in their hospital-dorm. Ed tells a story of a night drinking at a bar past Ashby. As the bar restroom wasn’t accessible, Ed went outside to relieve himself and a cop nearby told him he was under arrest. Ed responded, “You get me, I’ve got to have an iron lung. I’ll die in jail. You’ve got to have an iron lung. You’ve arrested me; now what are you going to do with me?” (O’Hara). The embarrassed cop called his sergeant, who chastised the officer as their jail wasn’t accessible and wouldn’t take anyone in a wheelchair, iron lung or not. The officers merely informed the university, and told Ed not to do it again.

	Cowell students increasing got power wheelchairs, and Ed was inspired by their heightened freedom. He had tried a power chair years before, using the two fingers that recovered from the initial paralysis, but the technology had not developed to an extent where Ed could pilot them effectively. However, as the technology improved his motivations changed, including falling in love and wanting to be alone with his girlfriend, free of attendants. The Motorette provided this freedom, despite buggy transistors that would cause the chair to buck and rocket at full speed on one side. Ed carried extra transistors, and learned to coach strangers through replacing them. Though his relationship didn’t work out, Ed enjoyed the freedom of a power chair for the rest of his life.		Cowell students increasing got power wheelchairs, and Ed was inspired by their heightened freedom. He had tried a power chair years before, using the two fingers that recovered from the initial paralysis, but the technology had not developed to an extent where Ed could pilot them effectively. However, as the technology improved his motivations changed, including falling in love and wanting to be alone with his girlfriend, free of attendants. The Motorette provided this freedom, despite buggy transistors that would cause the chair to buck and rocket at full speed on one side. Ed carried extra transistors, and learned to coach strangers through replacing them. Though his relationship didn’t work out, Ed enjoyed the freedom of a power chair for the rest of his life.
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	<blockquote>“...proclaimed that no handicapped individual shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” (Leon)</blockquote>		<blockquote>“...proclaimed that no handicapped individual shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” (Leon)</blockquote>

	By 1977, Section 504 was still unregulated, and people with disabilities began to demonstrate. The Bay Area had a strong and visible movement in which protesters occupied the offices of Carter’s Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare in San Francisco’s Federal building for 28 days (Leon). The government staff, initially condescendingly offering cookies and milk, eventually denied the protesters access to care providers and equipment such as back-up ventilators, cut phone lines, and refused to allow food - the physical survival of the protesters was in question.		By 1977, Section 504 was still unregulated, and people with disabilities began to demonstrate. The Bay Area had a strong and visible movement in which [[Patient No More: 1977 Occupation of Federal Offices in San Francisco\|protesters occupied the offices of Carter’s Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare in San Francisco’s Federal building for 28 days]] (Leon). The government staff, initially condescendingly offering cookies and milk, eventually denied the protesters access to care providers and equipment such as back-up ventilators, cut phone lines, and refused to allow food - the physical survival of the protesters was in question.

	[[Image:Mattress Federal officials tried to push out demonstrators who, on April 5, 1977, hunkered down at the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare office in San Francisco.jpg]]		[[Image:Mattress Federal officials tried to push out demonstrators who, on April 5, 1977, hunkered down at the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare office in San Francisco.jpg]]
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	'''Once demonstrators left the HEW offices, they were not allowed back in. Those outside and inside communicated through the windows. Photographer HolLynn D'Lil wrote a poem about the image:'''		'''Once demonstrators left the HEW offices, they were not allowed back in. Those outside and inside communicated through the windows. Photographer HolLynn D'Lil wrote a poem about the image:'''

	'''Through the Glass'''		:::'''Through the Glass'''

	~~''Those who wouldn't go outside<br>~~
	~~''Those who couldn't go inside<br>~~
	~~''Shattered the walls.<br>~~

			:::''Those who wouldn't go outside<br>
			:::''Those who couldn't go inside<br>
			:::''Shattered the walls.<br>

	The regulations’ effects were immediate: medical, nursing and professional schools were required to accept individuals with disabilities, new busses must be accessible, and courthouses must have ramp access. Ed also started independent living centers all over California, and influenced 1978 amendments to the federal Rehabilitation Act that provided funding to independent living centers nationwide (Leon). In 1978, Ed also fell in love with an occupational therapist and married, and they had a son, Lee (Palames).		The regulations’ effects were immediate: medical, nursing and professional schools were required to accept individuals with disabilities, new busses must be accessible, and courthouses must have ramp access. Ed also started independent living centers all over California, and influenced 1978 amendments to the federal Rehabilitation Act that provided funding to independent living centers nationwide (Leon). In 1978, Ed also fell in love with an occupational therapist and married, and they had a son, Lee (Palames).

Lisaruth: repaired broken links in "References", removed broken link: http://wid.org/about-wid/booklet%20with%20speech.pdf

2017-05-25T16:00:41Z

repaired broken links in "References", removed broken link: http://wid.org/about-wid/booklet%20with%20speech.pdf

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	'''References'''		'''References'''

	Ed Roberts's wheelchair, about 1978. (2013). Retrieved November 15, 2013~~, from http://www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription~~.~~cfm?ID=127~~		[http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1181889 Ed Roberts's wheelchair, about 1978]. ''Smithsonian Museum'' website (2013). Retrieved November 15, 2013.

	Leon, J. Ed Roberts, his life and his legacy. Retrieved November 16, 2013~~, from http://wid.org/about-wid/booklet%20with%20speech~~.~~pdf~~		Leon, J. Ed Roberts, his life and his legacy. World Institute on Disability. Retrieved November 16, 2013.

	O’Hara, Susan P. (1994). ~~Oral history interview with Edward. V. Roberts. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from~~ http://~~www~~.sos.ca.gov~~/archives~~/oral-history/pdf/roberts.pdf		O’Hara, Susan P. (1994). [http://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/oral-history/pdf/roberts.pdf Oral history interview with Edward. V. Roberts]. Retrieved November 15, 2013.

	Palames, C. (2011). Ed Roberts: Godfather of independent living. Retrieved November 15, 2013~~, from~~		Palames, C. (2011). Ed Roberts: Godfather of independent living. Retrieved November 15, 2013.

	Stevens, M. (2012). ~~We want rights, not charity. Retrieved November 17, 2013, from~~ http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/26/we-want-rights-not-charity		Stevens, M. (2012). [http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/26/we-want-rights-not-charity "We want rights, not charity."] ''Socialist Worker''. Retrieved November 17, 2013.


	[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]] [[category:Bay Area Social Movements]]		[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]] [[category:Bay Area Social Movements]]

Lisaruth: removed following broken links from "References": http://atotw.org/edroberts.html

2017-05-25T15:52:23Z

removed following broken links from "References": http://atotw.org/edroberts.html

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	O’Hara, Susan P. (1994). Oral history interview with Edward. V. Roberts. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/oral-history/pdf/roberts.pdf		O’Hara, Susan P. (1994). Oral history interview with Edward. V. Roberts. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/oral-history/pdf/roberts.pdf

	Palames, C. (2011). Ed Roberts: Godfather of independent living. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from ~~http://atotw.org/edroberts.html~~		Palames, C. (2011). Ed Roberts: Godfather of independent living. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from

	Stevens, M. (2012). We want rights, not charity. Retrieved November 17, 2013, from http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/26/we-want-rights-not-charity		Stevens, M. (2012). We want rights, not charity. Retrieved November 17, 2013, from http://socialistworker.org/2012/03/26/we-want-rights-not-charity

Lisaruth: Protected "Ed Roberts: The Father of Independent Living" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2015-03-30T04:22:33Z

Protected "Ed Roberts: The Father of Independent Living" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision	Revision as of 21:22, 29 March 2015
(No difference)

Lisaruth: added abstract

2015-03-30T04:11:51Z

added abstract

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	[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]		[[Image:Addressing-injustice.png\|left]]


			{\| style="color: black; background-color: #F5DA81;"
			\| colspan="2" \| '''From his days studying political science at UC Berkeley to his time as director of the California Department of Rehabilitation, Ed Roberts was an unrelenting advocate for disability rights. Roberts, who suffered from polio and had to use an iron lung, is known as the “Father of Independent Living” for his accomplishments fighting for accessibility in Berkeley, across California, and throughout the country via passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and later the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. Throughout, his sense of humor and adventurousness proved essential to his struggle for accessibility.'''
			\|}



	Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 - two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.		Ed Roberts, described as the “father of independent living,” was the disability rights movement’s first major spokesperson. His mother Zona conceived him during her senior year of high school, briefly contemplating abortion. She would later joke that Ed graduated from Burlingame High School twice. Born in 1939, Ed grew into a tall young man and passionate athlete. When Ed was 14, Zona’s four boys fell ill, Ed most severely. While 90% of people affected by the poliomyelitis virus show no symptoms and act as carriers, about 5% will get mild flu symptoms. In 1% of those with polio, the virus leaves the intestinal tract and attacks the motor neurons of the spine. Ed, after being laid up with a headache, sat up in the car on the way to the hospital and walked in. The next day the polio diagnosis was confirmed by spinal tap, and the painful paralysis progressed quickly through Ed’s whole body. The year was 1953 - two years before Salk invented the polio vaccine.

Mfriedman: linked to Bay Area Social Movements category

2014-08-06T22:56:25Z

linked to Bay Area Social Movements category

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 6 August 2014
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	[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]]		[[category:Famous characters]] [[category:Dissent]] [[category:1970s]] [[category:1980s]] [[category:1990s]] [[category:Civic Center]] [[category:Bay Area Social Movements]]